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- *German C20 Y4 A35 B35 Y5 A36 B36 Y10 A34 B34 A36 B36 Y12 A37 B38 A41 B41
- *German C20 Y13 A37 B37
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- "BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZbcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyzñÑÇçß"
- "AEIOUaeiouÄÅâäàåáéêëèÉïîìíôöòÖóüûùÜú"
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- [USERTEXT]
- GERMAN █▄████████▄█ ▀█▀▀ ▄██████▀ ████
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- Copyright (C) 1996 Erik Zidowecki ▐▌ Donat. Welcome
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- $$
-
-
- .Comptons
- 1
- ╔════╦════╗
- ║≡≡≡≡║≡≡≡≡║
- ║≡≡≡≡║≡≡≡≡║
- ╚════╩════╝
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
- ^E4GERMANIC LANGUAGES
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Present and earlier forms of German, English, Dutch-Flemish, Afrikaans,
- Yiddish, Frisian, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Icelandic, and Faeroese
- belong to the family of languages called Germanic. These languages are a
- branch of the Indo-European language family. Of these, English has the
- largest number of speakers, considerably more than 300 million.
-
- For some language families there are written records of the parent
- language. The Romance languages, for example, are derived from Latin.
- But in the case of the Germanic family, there are no records of the
- parent language, called by linguists Proto-Germanic. There are,
- however, historical evidences of Germanic provided by isolated words
- and names recorded by Latin authors beginning in the 1st century BC,
- and after AD 200 there are Scandinavian inscriptions. The earliest
- extensive Germanic text is the Gothic Bible, translated by Bishop
- Ulfilas in about AD 350. Like every language spoken over a large
- geographical area, Proto-Germanic presumably consisted of dialects
- that developed into the modern Germanic languages.
-
- The original Germanic peoples were located in southern Scandinavia
- and along the North Sea and Baltic coasts from what is now The
- Netherlands to present-day Poland. During the early years of the
- Roman Empire they gradually spread southward through present-day
- Germany, Austria, and parts of Switzerland. Some tribes conquered the
- British Isles, Iceland, and the Faeroe Islands north of Scotland.
-
- German is the national language of Germany and Austria, and it is one
- of the three national languages of Switzerland. There are also
- German-speaking communities in North America, South Africa, Latin
- America, and Australia. In the Western world German is extensively
- used as a second language. As a written language, it is quite
- uniform, differing no more from one country to another than does
- English in Great Britain and the United States. Spoken German,
- however, exists in many more dialects than does English. Standard, or
- High, German (called Hochsprache) is based on the written form and is
- used in radio, television, lectures, theater, schools, and
- universities. At the other extreme are local dialects, which differ
- from village to village. Between the two is Colloquial German, or
- Umgangssprache, which is often close to the standard language.
-
- German is the most difficult of the Germanic languages to learn,
- largely because of the complexity of its grammar. It is what is
- called a highly inflected language. This means that many words--
- especially verbs, nouns, and adjectives--change their spellings as
- their use in sentences changes. There are some inflections in
- English. For instance, one says, "I talk" but "he talks." The s added
- to talk is the inflected ending. For nouns in English the only
- inflection is the s that is normally used for plurals, though some
- nouns change their form entirely for plurals.
-
- In German there are many more forms for both nouns and verbs, and
- adjectives change in order to conform to the use of the noun in a
- sentence. Verbs change spelling with each person (I, you, he, we,
- you, they), and they change also with each tense. Adjectives and
- nouns change, depending on case--nominative, objective, possessive.
- (For explanations of verb and noun use, see Grammar.)
-
- - From Compton's Concise Encyclopedia, on-line version
-
- $$
-
-
- .STATISTICS
- 4
-
- ..Map
- 1
- ^E1 ┌───┐ ┌───┐ ┌───┐ ┌─┬─┐ ┌───┐ ┌──┬┐ ┌─┬─┐ |
- ^E1 │ ┌─┤ │ ─┬┘ │ ─ │ │ │ │ │ ─ │ │ ││ │ │ │ |
- ^E1 │ └ │ │ ─┴┐ │ ─┤ ││ ││ │ │ │ ││ │ └┐ ┌┘ |
- ^E1 └───┘ └───┘ └─┴─┘ └┴─┴┘ └─┴─┘ └┴──┘ └─┘ |
- ^20^21 ▀██████▄ ■ ▄▄▄▄▄ ▄█▄ ^20^47 °^F7 Kiel |
- ^20^21 ▐██████^42°^21███▄ ▄███████████████▄ ▀ ^20^67 °^F7 Rostock |
- ^20^21 ▀███████████▄▄▌████████^62°^21█████████▄^20 ^4F ■^F7 Hamburg |
- ^20^21 ▄██▄ ███▄▄▄▀^4A■^21█████████▄▀▀▀▀▀▀████████████^20 ^47 +^F7 Breman |
- ^20^21 ▐█████▐^42+^21█████▄▄▄▄▄▄▀██████████▄▀██████████^20 ^EF *^F7 Berlin |
- ^20 ^21 ▄▀███▄▀████████████▄▄▄▀████████▄▀████████^20 ^67 +^F7 Hannover |
- ^20 ▄^21██ █████▄▀██████████████▐████████▌▀███████^20 ^97 °^F7 Magdeburg |
- ^20 ^21███▐██████▌██^62+^21██████████^92°^21▌▄▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ ^E9*^21 █^20█▌ ^87 +^F7 Essen |
- ^20 ▀^21██▄▀▀▀███▄▐█████████████▐█████████████▄▀█^20█ ^A7 +^F7 Dortmund |
- ^20 ▄^21███████████▌█████████████▄▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀██████▐^20█▌ ^D7 °^F7 Halle |
- ^20 ▀^21█▄▀█^82+^21█^A2+^21███████▄▀▀████████^D2°^21███████████▄▀█^52+^21██▌█^20▌ ^B7 +^F7 Dusseldorf |
- ^20 ▄^21███^B1+^21█████████████▄▀████████████^E2+^21████^C2°^21██▄▄^20▀▀ ^E7 +^F7 Leipzig |
- ^20 ▐^21███^C9■^21███████████████▄▄███████████████^20 ▀▀▀ ^CF ■^F7 Cologne |
- ^20 ^21████^B1°^21████████████████████████▀▀▀▀███^20█▄ ^57 +^F7 Dresden |
- ^20 ^21▄▀▀▄▄^D1°^21▀▀^E1°^21▀^91+^21▀██████████▀▄▄▄▀▀▄██████████^20 ^B7 °^F7 Bonn |
- ^20 ^21██^52°^21█████▐^F2°^21██▄▀▀▄▄▄▀▀▀▄███████^12+^21██████████^20▄▄ ^C7 °^F7 Chemnitz |
- ^20 ▀▀▀▀▀▀^21▀▐████████████████▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀████^20 ^D7 °^F7 Koblenz |
- ^20 ▄^21██████^C2+^21██▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▄██████▀▀▀▄████▄^20▀▀ ^E7 °^F7 Wiesbaden |
- ^20 ▐█^21████▄▀▀▀▄██████████████^F9■^21███████^20█▄ ^97 +^F7 Frankfurt ^57°^F7 Saarbruken |
- ^20 ██^21█████████████████████▀▄███████████^20 ^F7 °^F7 Mannheim ^C7+^F7 Stuttgart |
- ^20 ▀▀▀▀ ▀▀▀▀██▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀^10▀^20▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ ▀▀█▀ ^17 +^F7 Nurnberg ^FF■^F7 Munich |
-
- $$
-
- ..GEOGRAPHY
- 1
- ^81█████████
- ^44▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓
- ^E1█████████
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Germany: Geography
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- ^F0Total area:
- 356,910 km2
-
- ^F0Land area:
- 349,520 km2; comprises the formerly separate Federal Republic of
- Germany, the German Democratic Republic, and Berlin following formal
- unification on 3 October 1990
-
- ^F0Comparative area:
- slightly smaller than Montana
-
- ^F0Land boundaries:
- 3,790 km; Austria 784 km, Belgium 167 km, Czechoslovakia 815 km,
- Denmark 68 km, France 451 km, Luxembourg 138 km, Netherlands 577 km,
- Poland 456 km, Switzerland 334 km
-
- ^F0Coastline:
- 2,389 km
-
- ^F0Maritime claims:
- Continental shelf:
- 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
- Exclusive fishing zone:
- 200 nm
- Territorial sea:
- North Sea and Schleswig-Holstein coast of Baltic Sea - 3 nm (extends,
- at one point, to 16 nm in the Helgolander Bucht); remainder of Baltic
- Sea - 12 nm
-
- ^F0Disputes:
- the boundaries of Germany were set by the Treaty on the Final
- Settlement With Respect to Germany signed 12 September 1990 in Moscow
- by the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic,
- France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union;
- this Treaty entered into force on 15 March 1991; a subsequent Treaty
- between Germany and Poland, reaffirming the German-Polish boundary,
- was signed on 14 November 1990 and took effect on 16 January 1992
-
- ^F0Climate:
- temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers;
- occasional warm, tropical foehn wind; high relative humidity
-
- ^F0Terrain:
- lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south
-
- ^F0Natural resources:
- iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural
- gas, salt, nickel
-
- ^F0Land use:
- arable land 34%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 16%; forest
- and woodland 30%; other 19%; includes irrigated 1%
-
- ^F0Environment:
- air and water pollution; groundwater, lakes, and air quality in
- eastern Germany are especially bad; significant deforestation in the
- eastern mountains caused by air pollution and acid rain
-
- ^F0Note:
- strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to
- the Baltic Sea
-
- From the CIA World Fact Book, 1993
-
- $$
-
- ..PEOPLE
- 1
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- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Germany: People
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- ^F0Population:
- 80,387,283 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992)
-
- ^F0Birth rate:
- 11 births/1,000 population (1992)
-
- ^F0Death rate:
- 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
-
- ^F0Net migration rate:
- 5 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
-
- ^F0Infant mortality rate:
- 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
-
- ^F0Life expectancy at birth:
- 73 years male, 79 years female (1992)
-
- ^F0Total fertility rate:
- 1.4 children born/woman (1992)
-
- ^F0Nationality:
- noun - German(s); adjective - German
-
- ^F0Ethnic divisions:
- primarily German; small Danish and Slavic minorities
-
- ^F0Religions:
- Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 37%, unaffiliated or other 18%
-
- ^F0Languages:
- German
-
- ^F0Literacy:
- 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write
- (1970 est.)
-
- ^F0Labor force:
- 36,750,000; industry 41%, agriculture 6%, other 53% (1987)
-
- ^F0Organized labor:
- 47% of labor force (1986 est.)
-
- From the CIA World Fact Book, 1993
-
- $$
-
- ..GOVERNMENT
- 1
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- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Germany: Government
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
- ^F0Long-form name:
- Federal Republic of Germany
-
- ^F0Type:
- federal republic
-
- ^F0Capital:
- Berlin; note - the shift from Bonn to Berlin will take place over a
- period of years with Bonn retaining many administrative functions and
- several ministries
-
- ^F0Administrative divisions:
- 16 states (lander, singular - land); Baden-Wurttemberg, Bayern,
- Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,
- Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland,
- Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringen
-
- ^F0Independence:
- 18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into four zones
- of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945 following
- World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany)
- proclaimed 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and French
- zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed 7
- October 1949 and included the former USSR zone; unification of West
- Germany and East Germany took place 3 October 1990; all four power
- rights formally relinquished 15 March 1991
-
- ^F0Constitution:
- 23 May 1949, provisional constitution known as Basic Law
-
- ^F0Legal system:
- civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review of
- legislative acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not
- accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
-
- ^F0National holiday:
- German Unity Day, 3 October (1990)
-
- ^F0Executive branch:
- president, chancellor, Cabinet
-
- ^F0Legislative branch:
- bicameral parliament (no official name for the two chambers as a
- whole) consists of an upper chamber or Federal Council (Bundesrat)
- and a lower chamber or Federal Diet (Bundestag)
-
- ^F0Judicial branch:
- Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht)
-
- ^F0Leaders:
- Chief of State:
- President Dr. Richard von WEIZSACKER (since 1 July 1984)
- Head of Government:
- Chancellor Dr. Helmut KOHL (since 4 October 1982)
- *** No entry for this item ***
-
- ^F0Political parties and leaders:
- Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Helmut KOHL, chairman; Christian
- Social Union (CSU), Theo WAIGEL; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Otto
- Count LAMBSDORFF, chairman; Social Democratic Party (SPD), Bjoern
- ENGHOLM, - chairman; - Green -Party - Ludger VOLMER, Christine
- WEISKE, co-chairmen (after the 2 December 1990 election the East and
- West German Green Parties united); Alliance 90 united to form one
- party in September 1991, Petra MORAWE, chairwoman; Republikaner,
- Franz SCHOENHUBER; National Democratic Party (NPD), Walter BACHMANN;
- Communist Party (DKP), Rolf PRIEMER
-
- ^F0Suffrage:
- universal at age 18
-
- ^F0Elections:
- Federal Diet:
- last held 2 December 1990 (next to be held October 1994); results -
- CDU 36.7%, SPD 33.5%, FDP 11.0%, CSU 7.1%, Green Party (West Germany)
- 3.9%, PDS 2.4%, Republikaner 2.1%, Alliance 90/Green Party (East
- Germany) 1.2%, other 2.1%; seats - (662 total, 656 statutory with
- special rules to allow for slight expansion) CDU 268, SPD 239, FDP
- 79, CSU 51, PDS 17, Alliance 90/Green Party (East Germany) 8; note -
- special rules for this election allowed former East German parties to
- win seats if they received at least 5% of vote in eastern Germany
- *** No entry for this item ***
-
- ^F0Communists:
- West - about 40,000 members and supporters;
- East - about 200,000 party members (December 1991)
-
- ^F0Other political or pressure groups:
- expellee, refugee, and veterans groups
-
- ^F0Member of:
- AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, BDEAC, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE,
- EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-5, G-7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
- ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,
- INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OAS
- (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNHCR, UPU, WEU,
- WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
-
- ^F0Diplomatic representation:
- Ambassador Dr. Immo STABREIT will become Ambassador in late
- summer/early fall 1992; Chancery at 4645 Reservoir Road NW,
- Washington, DC 20007; telephone (202) 298-4000; there are German
- Consulates General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los
- Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and New York, and Consulates in
- Miami and New Orleans
- US:
- Ambassador Robert M. KIMMITT; Embassy at Deichmanns Avenue, 5300 Bonn
- 2 (mailing address is APO AE 09080); telephone [49] (228) 3391; there
- is a US Branch Office in Berlin and US Consulates General in
- Frankfurt, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich, and Stuttgart
-
- ^F0Flag:
- three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and yellow
-
- From the CIA World Fact Book, 1993
-
- $$
-
-
- ..ECONOMY
- 1
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- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Germany: Economy
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
- ^F0Overview:
- The Federal Republic of Germany is making substantial progress in
- integrating and modernizing eastern Germany, but at a heavy economic
- cost. Western Germany's growth in 1991 slowed to 3.1% - the lowest
- rate since 1987 - because of slack world growth and higher interest
- rates and taxes required by the unification process. While western
- Germany's economy was in recession in the last half of 1991, eastern
- Germany's economy bottomed out after a nearly two-year freefall and
- shows signs of recovery, particularly in the construction,
- transportation, and service sectors.
-
- Eastern Germany could begin a fragile recovery later, concentrated in
- 1992 in construction, transportation, and services. The two regions
- remain vastly different, however, despite eastern Germany's progress.
-
- Western Germany has an advanced market economy and is a world leader
- in exports. It has a highly urbanized and skilled population that
- enjoys excellent living standards, abundant leisure time, and
- comprehensive social welfare benefits. Western Germany is relatively
- poor in natural resources, coal being the most important mineral.
- Western Germany's world-class companies manufacture technologically
- advanced goods. The region's economy is mature: services and
- manufacturing account for the dominant share of economic activity,
- and raw materials and semimanufactured goods constitute a large
- portion of imports.
-
- In recent years, manufacturing has accounted for about 31% of GDP,
- with other sectors contributing lesser amounts. Gross fixed
- investment in 1990 accounted for about 21% of GDP. In 1991, GDP in
- the western region was an estimated $19,200 per capita. In contrast,
- eastern Germany's economy is shedding the obsolete heavy industries
- that dominated the economy during the Communist era. Eastern
- Germany's share of all-German GDP is only about 7%, and eastern
- productivity is just 30% that of the west. The privatization agency
- for eastern Germany, the Treuhand, is rapidly selling many of the
- 11,500 firms under its control. The pace of private investment is
- starting to pick up, but questions about property rights and
- environmental liabilities remain.
-
- Eastern Germany has one of the world's largest reserves of low-grade
- lignite coal but little else in the way of mineral resources. The
- quality of statistics from eastern Germany is improving, yet many
- gaps remain; the federal government began producing all-German data
- for select economic statistics at the start of 1992. The most
- challenging economic problem is promoting eastern Germany's economic
- reconstruction - specifically, finding the right mix of fiscal,
- monetary, regulatory, and tax policies that will spur investment in
- eastern Germany -without destabilizing western Germany's economy or
- damaging relations with West European partners. The biggest danger
- is that excessive wage settlements and heavy federal borrowing could
- fuel inflation and prompt the German Central Bank, the Bundesbank, to
- keep a tight monetary policy to choke off a wage-price spiral.
- Meanwhile, the FRG has been providing billions of dollars to help the
- former Soviet republics and the reformist economies of Eastern
- Europe.
-
- ^F0GDP:
- purchasing power equivalent - Federal Republic of Germany: $1,331.4
- billion, per capita $16,700; real growth rate 0.7%; western Germany:
- $1,235.8 billion, per capita $19,200; real growth rate 3.1%; eastern
- Germany $95.6 billion, per capita $5,870; real growth rate - 30%
- (1991 est.)
-
- ^F0Inflation rate (consumer prices):
- West - 3.5% (1991); East - NA%
-
- ^F0Unemployment rate:
- West - 6.3% (1991); East - 11% (1991)
-
- ^F0Budget:
- West (federal, state, local) - revenues $684 billion; expenditures
- $704 billion, including capital expenditures $NA (1990), East - NA
-
- ^F0Exports:
- West - $324.3 billion (f.o.b., 1989)
-
- Commodities:
- manufactures 86.6% (including machines and machine tools, chemicals,
- motor vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural products 4.9%,
- raw materials 2.3%, fuels 1.3%
-
- ^F0Exports:
- Partners:
- EC 53.3% (France 12.7%, Netherlands 8.3%, Italy 9.1%, UK 8.3%,
- Belgium-Luxembourg 7.3%), other Western Europe 15.9%, US 7.1%,
- Eastern Europe 4.1%, OPEC 2.7% (1990)
-
- ^F0Imports:
- West - $346.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989)
- Commodities:
- manufactures 68.5%, agricultural products 12.0%, fuels 9.7%, raw
- materials 7.1%
- Partners:
- EC 51.7% (France 11.7%, Netherlands 10.1%, Italy 9.3%, UK 6.7%,
- Belgium-Luxembourg 7.2%), other Western Europe 13.4%, US 6.6%,
- Eastern Europe 3.8%, OPEC 2.5% (1990)
-
- ^F0External debt:
- West - $500 million (June 1988); East - $20.6 billion (1989)
-
- ^F0Industrial production:
- growth rates, West - 5.4% (1990); East - 30% (1991 est.)
-
- ^F0Electricity:
- 133,000,000 kW capacity; 580,000 million kWh produced, 7,390 kWh per
- capita (1991)
-
- ^F0Industries:
- West - among world's largest producers of iron, steel, coal, cement,
- chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics; food and
- beverages;
-
- East - metal fabrication, chemicals, brown coal, shipbuilding,
- machine building, food and beverages, textiles, petroleum refining
-
- ^F0Agriculture:
- West - accounts for about 2% of GDP (including fishing and forestry);
- diversified crop and livestock farming; principal crops and livestock
- include potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbage, cattle,
- pigs, poultry; net importer of food; fish catch of 202,000 metric
- tons in 1987;
-
- East -accounts for about 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry);
- principal crops - wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, fruit;
- livestock products include pork, beef, chicken, milk, hides and
- skins; net importer of food; fish catch of 193,600 metric tons in
- 1987
-
- ^F0Economic aid:
- West - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $75.5 billion;
-
- East - donor - $4.0 billion extended bilaterally to non-Communist
- less developed countries (1956-89)
-
- ^F0Currency:
- deutsche mark (plural - deutsche marks); 1 deutsche mark (DM) = 100
- pfennige Exchange rates: (1990), 1.8800 (1989), 1.7562 (1988), 1.7974
- (1987)
-
- ^F0Fiscal year:
- calendar year
-
- From the CIA World Fact Book, 1993
-
- $$
-
-
- ..COMMUNICATIONS
- 1
- ^81█████████
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- ^E1█████████
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Germany: Communications
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- ^F0Railroads:
- West - 31,443 km total; 27,421 km government owned, 1.435-meter
- standard gauge (12,491 km double track, 11,501 km electrified); 4,022
- km nongovernment owned, including 3,598 km 1.435-meter standard gauge
- (214 km electrified) and 424 km 1.000-meter gauge (186 km
- electrified);
-
- East - 14,025 km total; 13,750 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 275 km
- 1.000-meter or other narrow gauge; 3,830 (est.) km 1.435-meter
- standard gauge double-track; 3,475 km overhead electrified (1988)
-
- ^F0Highways:
- West - 466,305 km total; 169,568 km primary, includes 6,435 km
- autobahn, 32,460 km national highways (Bundesstrassen), 65,425 km
- state highways (Landesstrassen), 65,248 km county roads
- (Kreisstrassen); 296,737 km of secondary communal roads
- (Gemeindestrassen);
-
- East - 124,604 km total; 47,203 km concrete, asphalt, stone block, of
- which 1,855 km are autobahn and limited access roads, 11,326 are
- trunk roads, and 34,022 are regional roads; 77,401 municipal roads
- (1988)
-
- ^F0Inland waterways:
- West - 5,222 km, of which almost 70% are usable by craft of 1,000-
- metric ton capacity or larger; major rivers include the Rhine and
- Elbe; Kiel Canal is an important connection between the Baltic Sea
- and North Sea;
-
- East - 2,319 km (1988)
-
- ^F0Pipelines:
- crude oil 3,644 km; petroleum products 3,946 km; natural gas 97,564
- km (1988)
-
- ^F0Ports:
- maritime - Bremerhaven, Brunsbuttel, Cuxhaven, Emden, Bremen,
- Hamburg, Kiel, Lubeck, Wilhelmshaven, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund,
- Sassnitz; inland - 31 major
-
- ^F0Merchant marine:
- 607 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,210,060 GRT/6,626,333 DWT;
- includes 3 passenger, 5 short-sea passenger, 324 cargo, 10
- refrigerated cargo, 135 container, 31 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5
- railcar carrier, 6 barge carrier, 11 oil tanker, 21 chemical tanker,
- 22 liquefied gas tanker, 5 combination ore/oil, 14 combination bulk,
- 15 bulk; note - the German register includes ships of the former East
- and West Germany; during 1991 the fleet underwent major restructuring
- as surplus ships were sold off
-
- ^F0Civil air:
- 239 major transport aircraft
-
- ^F0Airports:
- 462 total, 455 usable; 242 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with
- runways over 3,659 m; 40 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 55 with runways
- 1,220-2,439 m
-
- ^F0Telecommunications:
- West - highly developed, modern telecommunication service to all
- parts of the country; fully adequate in all respects; 40,300,000
- telephones; intensively developed, highly redundant cable and radio
- relay networks, all completely automatic; broadcast stations - 80 AM,
- 470 FM, 225 (6,000 repeaters) TV; 6 submarine coaxial cables;
- satellite earth stations - 12 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT antennas, 2
- Indian Ocean INTELSAT antennas, EUTELSAT, and domestic systems; 2 HF
- radiocommunication centers; tropospheric links
-
- East - badly needs modernization; 3,970,000 telephones; broadcast
- stations - 23 AM, 17 FM, 21 TV (15 Soviet TV repeaters); 6,181,860
- TVs; 6,700,000 radios; 1 satellite earth station operating in
- INTELSAT and Intersputnik systems
-
- From the CIA World Fact Book, 1993
-
- $$
-
-
- ..DEFENSE
- 1
- ^81█████████
- ^44▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓
- ^E1█████████
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Germany: Defense Forces
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
- ^F0Branches:
- Army, Navy, Air Force, Federal Border Police
-
- ^F0Manpower availability:
- males 15-49, 20,300,359; 17,612,677 fit for military service; 414,330
- reach military age (18) annually
-
- ^F0Defense expenditures:
- exchange rate conversion - $39.5 billion, 2.5% of GDP (1991)
-
- From the CIA World Fact Book, 1993
-
- $$
-
- $$$
-
- .German Grammar
- 4
- ..The German Alphabet
- 1
- ^F4The German Alphabet
-
- Letter | Name | Approximate sound
- --------+----------+------------------------------------------------------
- a | a | like a in English "father"
- | |
- b | be | like b in English "boat"
- | | when word ending, like p in English "pot"
- | |
- c | tse | usually between vowels.
- | | sounds like ts in English "nuts"
- | |
- d | de | like d in English "dance"
- | | when word ending, like t in English "table"
- | |
- e | e | like e in English "met"
- | |
- f | ef | like f in English "fool"
- | |
- g | ghe | like g in English "go"
- | |
- h | ha | when word beginning or inside a word, voiced
- | | when preceded by vowel, silent
- | |
- i | i | like i in English "machine"
- | |
- l | el | like l in English "lamb"
- | |
- m | em | like m in English "money"
- | |
- n | en | like n in English "net"
- | |
- o | o | like o in English "note"
- | |
- p | pe | like p in English "pot"
- | |
- q | qu | always followed by u and sounds like k+v
- | |
- r | er | like r in English "rubber" with a slight trill
- | | and like a strong, rasping h
- | |
- s | es | like s in English "rose"
- | | when word ending or followed by consonant,
- | | like s in English "set"
- | |
- t | te | like t in English "table"
- | |
- u | u | like u in English "rule"
- | | when followed q, like v in English "vain"
- | |
- v | fav | like f in English "fool"
- | | when in foreign words, like v in English "vain"
- | |
- z | tset | like ts in English "nuts"
- | |
-
-
- ^F4Other letters
-
- Letter | Name | Approximate sound
- --------+----------+------------------------------------------------------
- j | jot | like i in English "machine"
- | |
- k | ka | like k in English "keep"
- | |
- w | ve | like v in English "vain"
- | |
- x | ics | like x in English "xenophobe"
- | |
- y | ipsilon | like the English sound "you"
-
-
-
- ^F4Special German Sounds
-
- Letters | Pronunciation
- ----------+----------------------------------------------------------------
- ch | When word beginning or followed by s, like k in English "keep"
- | Guttural aspiration, stronger if preceded by a,o,u,
- | lighter with e, i, ö, ü
- |
- ig | Same pronunciation of "ch" (see above);
- | usually occurred as word ending.
- |
- sch | like sh in English "shoe"
- |
- tsch | like a strong ch in English "chain"
- |
- sp | when word beginning, like sh in English "shoe" followed p in
- | English "pot"
- | like sp in English "sport" in other cases
- |
- st | when word beginning, like sh in English "shoe" followed by t
- | like st in English "stay" in other cases.
- |
- ti | generally followed by vowel and sounds like ts in English
- | "nuts" + i in English "machine"
- |
- tz | like ts in English "nuts"
- |
- dt | like a double t
- |
- ß | like a double s
-
-
-
- ^F4Vowels and Dipthongs
-
- Letters | Pronunciation
- ----------+---------------------------------------------------------------
- ie | when stressed on i, like ea in English "bean"
- | like ye in English "yet" when i is not stressed
- |
- ei | like ai in English "aisle"
- |
- ai | like ai in English "aisle"
- |
- äu | like oi in English "oil"
- |
- eu | like oi in English "oil"
- |
- au | like ai in English "now"
- |
- ä | like ai in English "pot"
- |
- ö | like a very closed o with lips rounded to pronounce u
- |
- ü | like the English sound "you"
- |
- aa |
- ee | double vowels: pronounced as only one long vowel
- uu |
-
- $$
-
- ..Stress
- 1
- ^F4Stress
-
- ■ In the German writing, no word bears an accent mark
-
- ■ Compound words are generally stressed on the root-syllable:
- Krank = ill enkrànken = to fall ill Krànkheit = illness
- Fisch = fish físchen = to fish Físcher = fishes
-
- ■ Long compound words are generally stressed on the first word:
- Krànkenhaus = hospital
- vàterlandsliebe = love for one's country
-
- ■ Compound verbs with separable prefixes are stressed on the prefix:
- gèhen = to go àus-gehen = to go out
- màchen = to make àuf-machen = to open
-
- $$
-
- ..Use of the Definitive Articles
- 1
- ^F4Use of the Definitive Articles
-
- ■ Definitive articles are declined according to the four cases they are
- referred to. German has 3 genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter) and
- the declension's cases are Nominative (=subject), Genitive, Dative
- (=indirect object), Accusative (=object).
-
- Singular Plural
- | M F N M/F/N
- -----+-------------------------------- ■ Examples:
- Nom. | der die das die die Mutter = the mother (subj)
- Gen. | des der des der der Mutter = of the mother
- Dat. | dem der dem den der Mutter = to the mother
- Acc. | den die das die die Mutter = the mother (obj)
-
- ■ In masculine and neuter's singular genitive, add "s" or "es" to the noun
- they refer to:
- Er ist der Bruder des Arbeiters = he's the brother of the worker
- Sie ist die Schwester des Mannes = she's the sister of the man
-
- ■ In plural dative, common for all genders, add "n" to the noun it refers
- to:
- der Onkel = the uncle den Onkeln = to the uncles
- der Dichter = the poet den Dictern = to the poets
- die Kirsche = the cherry den Kirschen = to the cherries
-
- $$
-
- ..Use of the Indefinite Articles
- 1
- ^F4Use of the Indefinite Articles
-
- ■ As definite articles, they follow cases and declensions as well:
-
- | M F N
- -----+------------------------ ■ Examples:
- Nom. | ein eine ein ein Bruder = a brother (subj)
- Gen. | eines einer eines eines Bruders = of a brother
- Dat. | einem einer einem einem Bruders = to a brother
- Acc. | einem eine ein einem Bruders = a brother (obj)
-
- $$
-
- ..Nouns
- 1
- ^F4Nouns
-
- ■ Nouns in German are masculine, feminine, and neuter. They are always
- written with capital letters. Some feminine nouns are formed by adding
- the suffix "-in" to the masculine one.
- der Lehrer -> die Leherin
-
- Nouns ending by the suffixes "-heit", "-keit", "-ung", "-schaft", "-in",
- and "-ei" are generally feminine.
- die Schönheit, die Übung
-
- Nouns ending by the suffixes "-lein", "-chen", and "-tum" are generally
- neuter.
- ex. das Kätzlein, das Altertum
-
- Nouns of seasons, months, and days are masculine.
- der Sommer = summer
-
-
- ■ Plurals
-
- They are differently determined according to the three genders. All
- genders' genitive and accusative cases follow the same rules of the
- corresponding nominative forms. Dative must always end in -n. Very
- important is the use of the diacritic mark (two dots above the
- letter), called "umlaut" or "diaeresis", to change vowel's sounds
- (a/ä, o/ö, u/ü). Plurals can be found in the dictionary. in brackets,
- next to the corresponding singular form.
-
- Masculine and neuter nominatives are generally formed by adding
- -e and " on the root-vowel der Artz -> die Ärtze
-
- -er and " on the root-vowel das Haus -> die Häuser
-
- -en without " on the root-vowel das Herz -> die Herzen
-
- no suffix, with or w/o " on the der Bruder -> die Brüder
- root-vowel das Fenster -> die Fenster
-
-
- Feminine nominative is formed by adding
- -en or -n to nouns ending die Kirshe -> die Kirschen
- in -e, -ei, -er
-
- -e and " on the root-vowel die Kunst -> die Künste
-
- -se to noun endings in -s die Kenntnis -> die Kenntnisse
-
- $$
-
- ..Adjectives
- 1
- ^F4Adjectives
-
- German adjectives agree with the noun they refer to in gender and number,
- and are placed before the noun. When following the verb "to be", they
- keep unchanged; note the difference between:
-
- der gute Vater = the good father der Vater ist gut = the father is good
- ^^^^ ^^^
-
- Adjectives follow 3 declensions according to whether they follow a
- definitive article; and indefinite article; possessive adjectives and
- negative "kein", or directly the verb; according to the cases above, they
- add different suffixes:
- sing. plur.
- m f n m/f/n
- 1. Nominative -e -e -e -en
- Genitive -en -en -en -en
- Dative -en -en -en -en
- Accusative -en -e -e -en
-
- 2. Nominative -er -e -es -en
- Genitive -en -en -en -en
- Dative -en -en -en -en
- Accusative -en -e -es -en
-
- 3. Nominative -er -e -es -e
- Genitive -en -er -en -er
- Dative -em -er -em -en
- Accusative -en -e -es -e
-
-
- Example: declension of the adj. "leib" (=lovable) before a masculine noun
- (der Vater = father)
-
- 1. 2. 3.
- der liebe Vater mein lieber Vater lieber Vater
- sing. des lieben Vaters meines lieben Vaters lieben Vaters
- dem lieben Vater meinem lieben Vater liebem Vater
- den lieben Vater meinen lieben Vater lieben Vater
-
- die lieben Väter meine lieben Väter liebe Väter
- plur. der lieben Väter meiner lieben Väter lieber Väter
- den lieben Vätern meinen lieben Vätern lieben Vätern
- die lieben Väter meine lieben Väter liebe Väter
-
- $$
-
- ..Pronouns
- 1
- ^F4Pronouns
- Singular Plural
- A. Subject pronouns ich = I wir = we
- du = you ihr = you
- er = he sie = they
- sie = she Sie = you (formal)
- es = it
-
-
- B. Object pronouns mich = me uns = us
- dich = you euch = you
- ihn = him sie = them
- sie = her Sie = you (formal)
- es = it
-
- C. Indirect Obj. Pr. mir = to me uns = to us
- die = to you euch = to you
- ihm = to him ihnen = to them
- ihr = to her Ihnen = to you (formal)
- ihm = to it
-
-
- ■ When Dative and Object pronouns are in the same sentence, dative
- follows object pronouns:
-
- Ich gebe es ihm = I give it to him
- Sie gibt es ihr = She gives it to her
-
-
- $$
-
- ..Possessive Adjectives
- 1
- ^F4Possessive Adjectives
-
- They follow the same singular declension of the indefinite article, agree
- with the thing possessed, and are never preceded by the definite article.
-
- Singular Plural
- my = mein | M F N M/F/N
- your = dein -----+--------------------------------------
- his = sein Nom | mein meine mein meine
- her = ihr Gen | meines meiner meines meiner
- its = sein Dat | meinem meiner meinem meinen
- our = unser Acc | meinen meine mein mein
- your = ever
- their = ihr * Formal possessive adjective: Ihr, with capital letter
-
- $$
-
- ..Relative Pronouns
- 1
- ^F4Relative Pronouns
-
- They coincide with the definite articles "der/die/das + die", except for
- the singular and plural genitive case, and plural dative case:
-
- | M F N M/F/N
- -----+----------------------------------------------------
- Nom | der = who die das die
- Gen | dessen = whose deren dessen deren
- Dat | dem = to whom der dem denen
- Acc | den = who die das die
-
- Examples: Der Herr, der dort wohnt = the man who lives there
- Die Mädchen, der ich schribe = the girl I write to
- Der Vater, dessen Kind gut ist = the father whose son is good
-
-
- The noun the pronoun refers to must be followed by a comma; the verb is
- placed at the end of the 2nd clause, followed by another comma and the 1st
- clause's part left; the eventual different subject of the 2nd clause is
- placed right after the pronoun.
-
- Ex. Die Mädchen, der ich schribe, ist schön.
-
- $$
-
- $$$
-
-
- & german.lt2
-
-
-